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CHINA
China (in Chinese, Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo), country in East Asia,
the world's third-largest country by area (after Russia and Canada) and the
largest by population. Officially the People's Republic of China, it is
bordered on the north by the Mongolian Republic and Russia; on the north-
east by Russia and North Korea; on the east by the Yellow Sea and the East
China Sea; on the south by the South China Sea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar
(Burma), India, Bhutan, and Nepal; on the west by Pakistan, Afghanistan,
and Tajikistan; and on the north-west by Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. China
includes more than 3,400 offshore islands, of which Hainan, in the South
China Sea, is by far the largest. The total area of China is about
9,571,300 sq km (3,695,000 sq mi), not including Nationalist China or
Taiwan, known officially as the Republic of China. The capital of China is
Beijing; the country's largest city is Shanghai.
More than a fifth of the world's total population lives within China's
borders. China gave birth to one of the world's earliest civilizations and
has a recorded history that dates from some 3,500 years ago. Zhonghua, the
Chinese name for the country, means "central land", a reference to the
Chinese belief that their country was the geographical centre of the earth
and the only true civilization.
Land and Resources
China encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and a corresponding
variety of natural resources. Generally speaking, China's higher elevations
are found in the west, where some of the world's loftiest mountain ranges
are located, including the Tien Shan, the Kunlun Mountains, and the
Himalaya. Devastating earthquakes tend to occur in a broad arc extending
from the western edge of the Sichuan Basin north-east towards Bo Hai, the
gulf on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea.
The country's numerous mountain ranges enclose a series of plateaux
and basins and furnish a notable wealth of water and mineral resources. A
broad range of climatic types, from subarctic to tropical, and including
large areas of alpine and desert habitats, supports a magnificent array of
plant and animal life.
Mountains occupy about 43 per cent of China's land surface;
mountainous plateaux account for another 26 per cent; and basins,
predominantly hilly and located mainly in arid regions, cover approximately
19 per cent of the area. Only 12 per cent of the total area may be classed
as flatlands.
Physiographic Regions
China may be divided into six major geographic regions, each of which
contains considerable geomorphological and topographic diversity.
The North-West
This region consists of two basins-the Dzungarian Basin (Junggar
Pendi) on the north and the Tarim Basin on the south-and the lofty Ti |