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Referat Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence As a theory in the philosophy of mind, artificial intelligence (or AI) is the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computing machinery. Accordingly, an intelligent system is nothing but an information processing system. Discussions of AI commonly draw a distinction between weak and strong AI. Weak AI holds that suitably programmed machines can simulate human cognition. Strong AI, by contrast, maintains that suitably programmed machines are capable of cognitive mental states. The weak claim is unproblematic, since a machine which merely simulates human cognition need not have conscious mental states. It is the strong claim, though, that has generated the most discussion, since this does entail that a computer can have cognitive mental states. In addition to the weak/strong distinction, it is also helpful to distinguish between other related notions. First, cognitive simulation is when a device such as a computer simply has the same the same input and output as a human. Second, cognitive replication occurs when the same internal causal relations are involved in a computational device as compared with a human brain. Third, cognitive emulation occurs when a computational device has the same causal relations and is made of the same stuff as a human brain. This condition clearly precludes silicon-based computing machines from emulating human cognition. Proponents of weak AI commit themselves only to the first condition, namely cognitive simulation. Proponents of strong AI, by contrast, commit themselves to the second condition, namely cognitive replication, but not the third condition. Proponents of strong AI are split between two camps: (a) classical computationalists, and (b) connectionists. According to classical computationalism, computer intelligence involves central processing units operating on symbolic representations. That is, information in the form of symbols is processed serially (one datum after another) through a central processing unit. Daniel Dennett, a key proponent of classical computationalism, holds to a top-down progressive decomposition of mental activity. That is, more complex systems break down into more simple ones, which end in binary on-off switches. There is no homunculi, or tiny person inside a cognitive system which does the thinking. Several criticisms have been launched against the classical computationalist position. First, Dennett's theory, in particular, shows only that digital computers do not have homunculi. It is less clear that human cognition can be broken down into such subsystems. Second, there is no evidence for saying that cognition is computational in its structure, rather than saying that it is like computation. Sinc

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