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Queen Victoria
I INTRODUCTION
Victoria (queen) (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901). Her reign was the
longest of any monarch in British history and came to be known as the
Victorian era.
Queen Victoria was the official head of state not only of the United
Kingdom but also of the growing worldwide British Empire, which included
Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa. As the
personal embodiment of her kingdom, Victoria was eager to ensure that her
country was held in high esteem throughout the world as an economically and
militarily powerful state and as a model of civilization. Victoria brought
to the British monarchy such 19th-century ideals as a devoted family life,
earnestness, public and private respectability, and obedience to the law.
During the later years of her reign, the monarchy attained a high degree of
popularity among most of its subjects.
II CHILDHOOD
Queen Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria on May 24, 1819, in Kensington
Palace, London. Her parents were Victoria Mary Louisa, daughter of the duke
of the German principality of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Edward Augustus,
duke of Kent and Strathern, the fourth son of King George III of Great
Britain. When Victoria was eight months old, her father died. Victoria's
mother raised her in Kensington Palace with the help of German governesses,
private English tutors, and Victoria's uncle, Prince Leopold (who in 1831
became King Leopold I of Belgium). Victoria learned to speak and write
French and German as readily as English. She also studied history,
geography, and the Bible. She was taught how to play the piano and learned
how to paint, a hobby that she enjoyed into her 60s. Because Victoria's
uncle, King William IV, had no legitimate children, Victoria became heir
apparent to the British crown upon his accession in 1830. On June 20, 1837,
with the death of William IV, she became queen at the age of 18.
III EARLY REIGN
Immediately after becoming queen, Victoria began regular meetings with
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, the British prime minister at the
time. The two grew very close, and Melbourne taught Victoria how the
British government worked on a day-to-day basis.
Britain in the 19th century was a constitutional monarchy, and the king or
queen ruled through ministers who were members of, and required the support
of, the British Parliament. This meant that the monarch had some influence
in government, but not a great deal of real power. In the course of her
reign, Queen Victoria played a role in appointing some cabinet ministers
(and even a prime minister), as well as particular ambassadors and bishops
of the Church of England, and she consulted regularly with her prime
ministers by letter and in person. In private, Victoria was never afraid to
speak her mind. Much of her time, however, was devoted to ceremonial
activities such as the official opening and closing |