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Mark Antony's speech: A masterpiece of oratory
The English poet and playwright William Shakespeare is recognized in
much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists.
"Julius Caesar" (1599) is one of his major tragedies. It is the
tragic story of political rivalries in ancient Rome.
Fearing Julius Caesar will become a popular tyrant, Brutus and Cassius
plot to assassinate him. On the day agreed for the assassination Caesar is
nearly persuaded to stay at home by his wife Calphurnia's fateful dreams.
He decides to go to the Senate, ignoring a soothsayer's warning and a
letter that names all the conspirators, and is stabbed. Brutus calms the
citizens attending Caesar's funeral and spares Mark Antony, Caesar's
trusted companion and allows him to speak to the people.
Mark Antony starts talking to a crowd that is already convinced of
the rightfulness of Brutus's cause. He addresses them by "You gentle
Romans" to achieve what's called "captatio benevolentiae", that is gaining
the auditorium's sympathy. The term "Romans" has a good purpose: waking up
the people's national consciousness and subconsciently reminding them
To capture their attention, Mark Antony tells them to "lend me your
ears", a short phrase that show us that Mark Antony is a good orator who is
not imperative, like Brutus. To calm the crowd, he tells them that he is
not here to praise Caesar. He continues with an aphorism saying that after
one dies people only remember the bad things about him and they forget all
the good things he has done, a subtle allusion to Julius Caesar. He is
ironic: he repeatedly calls Brutus "noble" and "honorable". He says he
doesn't deny that Brutus is an honorable man and that Brutus blames Caesar
for ambition and then he expresses doubt about all that with an "if": "If
it were so". We notice that, a great orator, he never says directly what he
has to say; he only insinuates things and makes the auditorium put the
pieces together. He continues by saying that only under the permission of
Brutus he came to speak; he displays modesty, but it's a would-be modesty.
Mark Antony speaks about Caesar's successes, about the good and clever
leader he was. He reminds Caesar's qualities and, knowing that the people
are responsive to material interests, he tells them that Caesar would not
take the crown, in order to inflame them against the conspirators. Then he
uses a rhetorical question to cast doubt upon the blame put on Caesar: "was
this ambition?". Using the adversative conjunction "yet", he is putting
face to face the facts with Brutus's affirmations. We notice the emphatic
use of "do", a rhetorical device, in "what I do know", to clear any doubt
about the rightfulness of his words; and another emphatic word, "did", in
"You all did love him".
Antony makes a rhetorical invocation: "O judgement!"; he is now
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